Common Graedjoan Giantish Derivavational Affixes

Graedjoan Giantish has a set of common derivational affixes that it employs for the creation of new lexemes. There are as follows:;

The Person Affix: "wa-"

When "wa-" is applied on a root that starts with a vowel, it takes the form of "wad-"

wa- --> wad-/_V

This acts similarly to the English affix "-er."

Take for example the word "nul," which means both "river" and "a path between places." By adding the affix "wa-" one gets the word "wanul," which means either: "A person who lives on the river," "A traveler," and "A wanderer."

The Place Affix: "-orr"

When "-orr" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that means, a place of the root. Take for example the world "zun," which means "sun." By adding the affix "-orr" one gets the word "zunorr," which translates into "the daytime sky."

Note: When you have a word ending in "-orr" that is then put in the adessive case (by adding the affix "-irr"), then the place affix and the adessive case marking combine into the affix "-oirr."

-orr --> -o/_-irr

o --> oi/_-i

The Collection Affix: "bu-WORD-zi"

When "bu-WORD-zi" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that means a collection of the root. Take for example to word "zil," meaning "sand." By adding the affix "bu-WORD-zi" one gets the word "buzilzi," meaning "desert."

The Tool Affix: "me-"

When "me-" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that means a tool of the root. Take for example the word "nul," meaning "river." By adding the affix "me-" one gets the word "menul," meaning a "riverboat," "a raft," and/or "a vehicle for transportation between two or more places."

The Adjectival Affix: "-jud"

When "-jud" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that acts as a adjectival form of the root. Take for example the word "con," meaning "tree" and "beauty." By adding the affix "-jud" to the root, one gets the word "conjud," meaning both "beautiful" and "wooden."

The Augmentative Affix: "viz-"

When "viz-" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that is a larger form of the root. Take for example the word "nul," meaning "river." By adding the affix "viz-" to the root, one gets the word "viznul," meaning literally "a big river," but also, through metaphorical extension "life" and "a bloodline."

The Diminutive Affix: "-al"

When "-al" is applied on a root, it takes the root and changes it into something that is smaller than the root. Take for example the word "gul," meaning "mountain." By adding the affix "-al" to the root, one gets the word "gulal," meaning "hill."

The Verbalizing Affix: "-ax"

When "-ax" is applied on a non-verbal root, it takes the root and changes it into a verb. Take for example the word "wic," meaning "light." By adding the affix "-ax" to the root, one gets the word "wicax," meaning "to light" or "to shine."

The Nominalizing Affix "-ox"

When "-ox" is applied on a non-nominal root, it takes the root and changes it into a noun. Take for example the word "umb" meaning "high." By adding the affix "-ox" to the root, one gets the word "umbox" meaning "to rise" and "to lift."

Denoting Plurality in Nouns

To denote plurality in nouns, one must simply reduplicate the first consonant cluster and vowel of the root, adjacent to said root. Take for example the English sentence,

"In the hills, the sun shines on the river."

In Graedjoan Giantish, that sentence would be:

"dzigugulal, zun wicax nulirr."

It is in the word "dzigugulal" that we see plurality at work in Graedjoan Giantish. The root of this word is "gul," meaning mountain. The suffix "-al" is the diminutive. Thus, "gulal" is a hill. To make the word mean hills, we duplicate the first consonant cluster and vowel of "gulal," which in this case would be "gu." Thus, we have "gugulal" or, "hills." Lastly, there is the "dzi-" meaning "in." Thus, we have "dzigugulal," meaning, "In the hills."

Denoting that a verb is being redone.

In English, when an action is repeated, we could say that, for example, "She stated again that..." We could also say, "She restated that..." This "re-" prefix, in Graedjoan Giantish, is created by the same process that the language creates plurality in nouns. Take for example the word "brul," meaning to meet. When the first consonant cluster and vowel (being "bru") are reduplicated, then you have the word "brubrul," which means "to meet again."